Sub- Saharan Africa - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Dark and lighter green: Definition of . According to the UN, it consists of all African countries that are fully or partially located south of the Sahara. Somalia, Djibouti, Comoros and Mauritania are geographically part of Sub- Saharan Africa, but are Arab states and a part of the Arab world. The Sahara pump theory explains how flora and fauna (including Homo sapiens) left Africa to penetrate the Middle East and beyond. Poverty and poverty reduction in sub-Saharan Africa: An overview of the issues Geoff Handley, Kate Higgins and Bhavna Sharma with Kate Bird and Diana Cammack. Global warming is likely to affect malaria transmission. WHO Appeals for Effective Malaria Treatment in Sub-Saharan Africa. African pluvial periods are associated with a . South Africa and the Democratic Republic of the Congo in particular are considered Megadiverse countries. The Sahel shoots across all of Africa at a latitude of about 1. Countries that include parts of the Sahara Desert proper in their northern territories and parts of the Sahel in their southern region include Mauritania, Mali, Niger, Chad and Sudan. The Sahel has a hot semi- arid climate. South of the Sahel, there is a belt of savanna, (Guinean forest- savanna mosaic, Northern Congolian forest- savanna mosaic) widening to include most of South Sudan and Ethiopia in the east (East Sudanian savanna). The Horn of Africa globally includes hot desert climate along the coast but hot semi- arid climate can be found much more in the interior, contrasting with savannah and moist broadleaf forests in the interior of Ethiopia. Africa's tropical rainforest stretches along the southern coast of West Africa and dominates Central Africa (the Congo) west of the African Great Lakes. The Eastern Miombo woodlands are an ecoregion of Tanzania, Malawi, and Mozambique. The Serengeti ecosystem is located in northwestern Tanzania and extends to southwestern Kenya. The Kalahari Basin includes the Kalahari Desert surrounded by a belt of semi- desert. The Bushveld is a tropical savanna ecoregion of Southern Africa. The Karoo is a semi- desert in western South Africa. History. This occurred 1. They were tool users rather than tool manufacturers. The next major evolutionary step occurred around 2. BCE, when primitive stone tools were used to scavenge the carcasses of animals killed by other predators, both for their meat and their marrow. The tools were classed as Oldowan. From Homo ergaster, Homo erectus (upright man) evolved 1. Some of the earlier representatives of this species were small- brained and used primitive stone tools, much like H. The brain later grew in size, and H. Potentially the first hominid to engage in hunting, H. They were the first hominids to leave Africa, going on to colonize the entire Old World, and perhaps later on giving rise to Homo floresiensis. Although some recent writers suggest that H. Between 5. 0,0. 00 and 6. Africa launched the colonization of the planet by modern humans. By 1. 0,0. 00 BCE, Homo sapiens had spread to all corners of the world. This dispersal of the human species is suggested by linguistic, cultural and genetic evidence. Prior to the introduction of the camel. The trans- saharan trade was in full motion by 5. BCE with Carthage being a major economic force for its establishment. The area is located approximately 6. Lake Chad, and has been radiocarbon dated to the first millennium BCE. The kingdom controlled agriculture and regional trade of salt and iron from the north and copper from the Zambian/Congo copper belt. The ruling dynasty centralised authority among the Lunda under the Mwata Yamyo or Mwaant Yaav. The Mwata Yamyo's legitimacy, like the Luba king, came from being viewed as a spiritual religious guardian. This system of religious spiritual kings was spread to most of central Africa by rivals in kingship migrating and forming new states. Many new states received legitimacy by claiming descent from the Lunda dynasties. During the 1. 5th century, the Bakongo farming community was united with the capital at Mbanza Kongo, under the king title, Manikongo. Located in northern Ethiopia and Eritrea, Aksum was deeply involved in the trade network between India and the Mediterranean. Growing from the proto- Aksumite Iron Age period circa the 4th century BCE, it rose to prominence by the 1st century CE. The Aksumites constructed monolithic stelae to cover the graves of their kings, such as King Ezana's Stele. The later Zagwe dynasty, established in the 1. These rock- hewn structures include the Church of St. George at Lalibela. In ancient Somalia, city- states flourished such as Opone, Mosyllon and Malao that competed with the Sabaeans, Parthians and Axumites for the wealthy Indo. The imperial armies in Somalia alarmed the Dervish leader Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, who gathered Somali soldiers from across the Horn of Africa and began one of the longest anti- colonial wars known as the Somaliland Campaign. Southern Africa. They slowly moved south, and the earliest ironworks in modern- day Kwa. Zulu- Natal Province are believed to date from around 1. The southernmost group was the Xhosa people, whose language incorporates certain linguistic traits from the earlier Khoi- San people, reaching the Fish River in today's Eastern Cape Province. Monomotapa was a medieval kingdom (c. Famous are the ruins at its old capital of Great Zimbabwe. In 1. 48. 7, Bartolomeu Dias became the first European to reach the southernmost tip of Africa. In 1. 65. 2, a victualling station was established at the Cape of Good Hope by Jan van Riebeeck on behalf of the Dutch East India Company. For most of the 1. Dutch possession. Great Britain seized the Cape of Good Hope area in 1. French but also to use Cape Town in particular as a stop on the route to Australia and India. It was later returned to the Dutch in 1. Dutch East India Company declared bankruptcy, and the British annexed the Cape Colony in 1. The Zulu Kingdom (1. The small kingdom gained world fame during and after the Anglo- Zulu War. During the 1. 95. Sub- Saharan African nations achieved independence from colonial rule. With its original speech community centered on the coastal parts of Tanzania (particularly Zanzibar) and Kenya . Nubia was a major source of gold for the ancient world. Nubians built famous structures and numerous pyramids. Sudan, the site of ancient Nubia, has more pyramids than anywhere in the world. The Great Mosque of Djenne is most reflective of Sahelian architecture and is the largest adobe building in the world. The Ashanti Empire arose in the 1. Ghana and Ivory Coast. The oldest kingdom in Nigeria, the Kingdom of Nri, was established by the Igbo in the 1. Nri was famous for having a priest- king who wielded no military power. Nri was a rare African state as it never dealt in the trade of slaves. All slaves and outcasts who sought refuge in their territory were freed. Other major states included the kingdoms of If. The Yoruba's built massive mud walls around their cities, the most famous being Sungbo's Eredo. Another prominent kingdom in southwestern Nigeria was the Kingdom of Benin whose power lasted between the 1. Their dominance reached as far as the well known city of Eko which was named Lagos by the Portuguese traders and other early European settlers. The Edo speaking people of Benin are known for the Walls of Benin, which is the largest man- made structure in the world. In the 1. 8th century, the Oyo and the Aro confederacy were responsible for most of the slaves exported from Nigeria, with Great Britain, France and Portugal shipping the majority of the slaves. In 1. 88. 5, British claims to a West African sphere of influence received international recognition, and in the following year the Royal Niger Company was chartered under the leadership of Sir George Taubman Goldie. In 1. 90. 0, the company's territory came under the control of the British Government, which moved to consolidate its hold over the area of modern Nigeria. On 1 January 1. 90. Nigeria became a British protectorate, part of the British Empire, the foremost world power at the time. By 1. 96. 0, most of the region achieved independence from colonial rule. Demographics. The current growth rate is 2. The UN predicts for the region a population between 1. All are above the world average except South Africa and Seychelles. This is apparent from the number of languages spoken. The region contains over 1,0. Egyptian was recorded as early as 3. BCE. The Semitic branch was recorded as early as 2. BCE. The Chadic branch is distributed in Central and West Africa. In addition to languages now spoken, Afro- Asiatic includes several ancient languages, such as Ancient Egyptian, Biblical Hebrew and Akkadian. The several families lumped under the term Khoi- San include languages indigenous to Southern Africa and Tanzania, though some, such as the Khoi languages, appear to have moved to their current locations not long before the Bantu expansion. A major branch of Niger. Bantu speakers represent the majority of inhabitants in southern, central and southeastern Africa, though San, Pygmy, and Nilotic groups, respectively, can also be found in those regions. Bantu- speakers can also be found in parts of Central Africa such as the Gabon, Equatorial Guinea and southern Cameroon. Swahili, a Bantu language with many Arabic, Persian and other Middle Eastern and South Asian loan words, developed as a lingua franca for trade between the different peoples in southeastern Africa. In the Kalahari Desert of Southern Africa, the distinct people known as Bushmen (also . The San evince unique physical traits, and are the indigenous people of southern Africa. Pygmies are the pre- Bantu indigenous peoples of Central Africa. The Nilo- Saharan languages are concentrated in the upper parts of the Chari and Nile rivers of Central Africa and Southeast Africa. They are principally spoken by Nilotic peoples and are also spoken in Sudan among the Fur, Masalit, Nubian and Zaghawa peoples and in West and Central Africa among the Songhai, Zarma and Kanuri. The Old Nubian language is also a member of this family. Major languages of Africa by region, family and number of primary language speakers in millions: Economy.
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